Over the years, we’ve found that one specific area of the research life cycle – informed consent – needs serious improvement. The consent process is rarely respectful of the people taking part in research and typically involves pushing a consent form at a person who may have trouble processing new or complex concepts – for any number of reasons including:
- Lack of literacy (or skilled understanding) in that written language
- Fear of repercussion from non-compliance
- PTSD or displacement trauma
The complicated terms and conditions for consent and lazily written forms that do not include the right information, make it even more difficult for people to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
This indecipherable consent form tends to get quickly lost in an untraceable paper trail, making it impossible for the consenter to execute their right to be forgotten and other data rights, should they ever want to.
This is NOT informed consent
The good news is that a) technology exists today to indelibly outmode old, disrespectful and paper-based consent approaches, and, b) over the last 7 years we* have been testing and refining how to do that.
The bad news is that during this time, ‘data’ has become a complex, mercurial, difficult-to-outrun beast. Finding simple, easy-to-understand ways to communicate it to ourselves, let alone overwhelmed people with low literacy levels is still somewhat TBC.
Below we share some of where we got to in answering this question:
Note: Our first step is always to determine whether informed consent is the right lawful basis for data collection and use, as opposed to legitimate or public interest.
How can we use digital to increase informed consent?
We revamped the consent process based on some key assumptions about the people we are trying to gain informed consent from. They may:
- Be suffering from trauma
- Have low literacy
- Not know what consent is
- Be intimidated by the process.
These factors create a reduced ability to concentrate, understand and retain information – all big barriers to being ‘informed’. We took 5 steps to overcome these barriers and create a digital process that increases propensity for informed consent:
1. We digitised the process
From disseminating consent information to collecting consent, we digitised the process. This removes the challenge of unreliable, indecipherable paper trials. In digitising the approach into a rigid, linear UX, we are also able to quality control the process.
2. We eliminated text
Where possible, we eliminated text, and replaced it with audio, to overcome literacy barriers.
3. We put information into bite sized pieces
Breaking information down into bite-sized pieces of information and using repetition are effective ways to overcome the issue of understanding and retaining information (as we’ll show below). So we broke the consent information down into smaller more manageable pieces, and created a step-by-step, audio-based process.
A bite-sized piece of information might be:
‘We are going to keep the information you share with us for 4 years’.
4. We verified comprehension
In between each piece of information is a pause. The respondent is then asked a multiple choice question designed to understand their comprehension of that information:
(eg) How long are we going to keep your information?
- 4 days
- 4 years
- Forever
If the respondent answers this question correctly, the next piece of information is unlocked. If the respondent answers incorrectly, the information is repeated. This cycle can be repeated 3 times. If after 3 tries, the respondent hasn’t answered correctly, informed consent is deemed not possible and the process is stopped.
The cycle of verbalising pieces of information, and verifying comprehension is repeated until all information has been shared, and understood. An audio file of the respondent verbalising consent is then recorded, and securely stored, in app, making it traceable.
The interview / research can now commence. Throughout the interview, auto-prompts are delivered reminding the respondent they can stop the interview at any time.
5. Post interview, we regain ‘selective consent’
Mindful that pre-interview, the respondent will not know a) the questions they will be asked, b) the information they will share in response and c) an ‘interview’ may be an unfamiliar concept, once the interview is complete, we regain consent on a general level as well as on an individual response level by asking:
- ‘Based on the information you have shared with us, are you still happy for us to keep your information?’
- ‘Are there any answers you would like us to remove?’
Our approach allows the easy deletion of responses not just on an overall survey basis, but also on an individual response basis, enabling what we call ‘selective consent’.
If the respondent decides they don’t want to share any or some information, it’s automatically and entirely deleted. Only once the respondent has verified the information they would like to share, it is uploaded and securely stored on a data hub.
How do we know it works?
Our 7 year improvement cycle has led us to these 5 steps for optimising consent through digital, and specifically UX. Combined they increase the likelihood that the consent process is fully understood by anyone being asked to take part in research. It’s not perfect, but it’s a proven improvement.
How do we know it works? More people are opting out!
Since deploying this informed consent approach, we’ve found that more people are declining to participate in the research. This might sound like a bad thing, but actually it’s a great sign that respondents are a) aware of what they are being asked to consent to, and b) know that it’s okay not to participate.
Saying ‘no’ is the normal behaviour of informed people.
The area we want to focus on improving next is ensuring that the respondent has a memorable route back to the data collector and their data, to enable them to easily execute their right to be forgotten, even if this is years after the interview has taken place. If you have any good suggestions or techniques, we would love to hear from you!
By Laura Scanlon of Here I Am that creates digital ways to include the excluded – all of those who find the digital world hard to access, navigate, trust, and benefit from. This was originally published as Can informed UX gain (more) informed consent?
We* = Here I Am, Girl Effect, CARE International, Malala Fund, Youth Endowment Fund, Young Foundation, Linda Raftree and Zoe Dibb.
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